What is a key factor in forming emotional associations in animals?

Repetition of experiences is a key factor in forming emotional associations in animals because it helps to solidify the connections between specific stimuli and the responses they elicit. When an animal is repeatedly exposed to the same stimulus, their brain begins to recognize and predict the outcomes associated with that stimulus. This can lead to positive or negative emotional responses based on whether the experiences were pleasant or distressing.

For example, if a dog consistently receives treats when it hears a particular sound, it will start to associate that sound with positive feelings and rewards. Conversely, if an animal experiences a negative event multiple times, it may develop a fearful or anxious response to related stimuli. Thus, it's the consistency and frequency of experiences that help shape an animal's emotional landscape and reinforce its behavior patterns.