What is indicated by mixed signals in animal behavior?

Mixed signals in animal behavior often indicate conflict behavior. This occurs when an animal is experiencing uncertainty or ambivalence in a situation, leading to a display of behaviors that may seem contradictory. For example, an animal might exhibit signs of fear while simultaneously showing defensive postures. Such mixed signals can arise in various contexts, for instance during a veterinary visit or when encountering other animals, suggesting that the animal is unsure about how to respond due to competing motivations or emotions.

In contrast, confidence is generally expressed through strong and assertive behaviors without ambiguity. Playfulness often showcases clear and consistent patterns of behavior aimed at social interaction and enjoyment, while dominance typically involves assertive postures that clearly communicate hierarchy and control without the confusion inherent in mixed signals. Therefore, mixed signals distinctly correlate with conflict behavior as they reflect the animal's struggle between conflicting emotions or instincts.